Confirman la “atracción” del coronavirus por un tipo de grupo sanguíneo

coronavirus

05 de marzo de 2021

Nuevas certezas a un año de iniciada la pandemia

La información se desprende de un estudio publicado en la revista Blood Advances; investigadores evaluaron una proteína del SARS-Cov-2 para comprender cómo se produce la infección

A medida que los investigadores de todo el mundo trabajan para identificar y abordar los factores de riesgo del coronavirus, científicos han encontrado una evidencia adicional que indica que ciertos tipos de sangre podrían estar asociados con un mayor riesgo de contraer la enfermedad.

Un nuevo estudio publicado en la revista Blood Advances detalla uno de los primeros estudios de laboratorio que sugieren que el SARS-CoV-2, el virus que causa el Covid-19, se siente particularmente atraído por el antígeno del grupo sanguíneo A que se encuentra en las células respiratorias.

En el estudio, los investigadores evaluaron una proteína en la superficie del virus SARS-CoV-2 llamada dominio de unión al receptor (RBD, por sus siglas en inglés). El RBD es la parte del virus que se adhiere a las células huésped, por lo que es un objetivo de investigación importante para comprender cómo se produce la infección.

El equipo evaluó antígenos sintéticos de grupos sanguíneos en glóbulos rojos y respiratorios que se encuentran en individuos de los grupos sanguíneos A, B y O, y analizó cómo interactuaba el RBD del SARS-CoV-2 con cada tipo de sangre único.

Descubrieron que el RBD tenía una fuerte preferencia por unirse al grupo sanguíneo A que se encuentra en las células respiratorias. No mostró preferencia por los glóbulos rojos del grupo sanguíneo A u otros grupos sanguíneos que se encuentran en los glóbulos rojos o respiratorios.

“Es interesante que el RBD viral solo realmente prefiera el tipo de antígenos del grupo sanguíneo A que se encuentran en las células respiratorias, que presumiblemente es la forma en que el virus ingresa a la mayoría de los pacientes y los infecta”, resalta el autor del estudio Sean R. Stowell, del Hospital Brigham and Women’s, en Estados Unidos.

“El tipo de sangre es un desafío porque se hereda y no es algo que podamos cambiar. Pero si podemos comprender mejor cómo interactúa el virus con los grupos sanguíneos de las personas, es posible que podamos encontrar nuevos medicamentos o métodos de prevención”, enfatiza.

Basándose en sus observaciones, el equipo trató de determinar si existía una preferencia de unión similar para el RBD del SARS-CoV, el virus que causa el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS). Aunque la composición del virus difiere, el SARS-CoV RBD mostró la misma preferencia para unirse a los antígenos del grupo A en las células respiratorias.

El doctor Stowell y su equipo enfatizaron que sus hallazgos por sí solos no podían describir o predecir completamente cómo los coronavirus como el SARS-CoV-2 y el SARS-CoV afectarían a los pacientes de varios tipos de sangre. “Nuestra observación no es el único mecanismo responsable de lo que estamos viendo clínicamente, pero podría explicar parte de la influencia del tipo de sangre en la infección por Covid-19”, añade.

Si bien se necesita más investigación para comprender esa influencia, el documento se suma a los hallazgos de estudios anteriores publicados también en Blood Advances que sugieren un posible vínculo entre el tipo de sangre y la susceptibilidad y gravedad del Covid-19.

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